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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection
13:45

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection

Published on: February 7, 2019

Merkel cell carcinoma.

Sandra Y Han1, Jeffrey P North, Theresa Canavan

  • 1Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|November 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare aggressive skin cancer, is diagnosed via histopathology. Research intensified after discovering the Merkel cell polyomavirus in 2008, leading to updated staging and treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive skin cancer often found on sun-exposed skin in older adults.
  • Diagnosis relies on characteristic histopathologic features.
  • The 2008 discovery of Merkel cell polyomavirus spurred significant research into its role in MCC pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding and management of Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • To highlight the impact of viral discovery on MCC research.
  • To outline diagnostic criteria, staging, and therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of histopathologic diagnostic criteria for MCC.
  • Analysis of the etiological role of Merkel cell polyomavirus.
  • Examination of 2010 MCC staging guidelines, emphasizing lymph node evaluation.
  • Summary of current treatment modalities for early and advanced MCC.

Main Results:

  • MCC diagnosis is histopathologically confirmed.
  • Merkel cell polyomavirus is a key factor in MCC development.
  • Staging guidelines underscore the importance of clinical versus pathological lymph node assessment.
  • Surgery and radiation are primary treatments for early-stage MCC; chemotherapy is used for advanced stages.

Conclusions:

  • MCC requires precise diagnosis and staging for effective management.
  • Understanding the viral etiology is crucial for advancing MCC research.
  • Multimodal treatment strategies, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, are employed based on disease stage.
  • Immunologically-based therapies are under investigation for future treatment options.