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Related Concept Videos

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity01:24

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
Breathing Mechanisms
Both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures rely on specific lung properties. The ability to breathe—allowing air to enter the lungs during...
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
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Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation01:24

Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation

Pulmonary ventilation is a vital process that ensures the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. It refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs, enabling the body to obtain oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide. In this article, we will explore the intricacies of pulmonary ventilation, including its underlying principles, mechanisms, and the interplay of pressures within the respiratory system.
Boyle's law becomes particularly pertinent when examining respiratory...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

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Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs
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Published on: January 27, 2015

An Implicit Elastic Theory for Lung Parenchyma.

Alan D Freed1, Daniel R Einstein

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saginaw Valley State University, 202 Pioneer Hall, 7400 Bay Road, University Center, MI 48710, USA.

International Journal of Engineering Science
|November 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new thermodynamic model for lung tissue elasticity, improving computational models of respiration. The novel approach enhances accuracy in predicting airflow and aerosol transport within the lungs.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Computational Biology
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Lung airways and parenchyma undergo significant deformation during respiration.
  • Accurate modeling of airflow and aerosol transport necessitates fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations.
  • Existing constitutive models for lung parenchyma lack the required accuracy and efficiency for FSI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an accurate and efficient constitutive model for lung parenchyma within a fluid-structure interaction framework.
  • To derive an implicit theory of elasticity from thermodynamics for soft biological tissues.
  • To propose a novel definition of Lagrangian strain rate suitable for computational modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of an implicit theory of elasticity from thermodynamic principles.
  • Development of a generic strain-energy template analogous to the Fung model.
  • Proposal and mathematical justification of a novel, separable Lagrangian strain rate definition.
  • Construction and characterization of a new material model for lung parenchyma nonlinearity.

Main Results:

  • A novel, thermodynamically consistent implicit elastic theory for lung parenchyma.
  • A generic strain-energy function template applicable to soft tissues.
  • A new Lagrangian strain rate definition separable into volumetric and deviatoric components.
  • A characterized material model demonstrating accurate prediction of lung parenchyma's elastic response.

Conclusions:

  • The developed thermodynamic framework and novel strain rate definition provide a robust foundation for accurate FSI modeling of respiration.
  • The new constitutive model enhances the efficiency and accuracy of predicting lung biomechanics.
  • This work offers a significant advancement in computational modeling of lung airflow and aerosol transport.