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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Related Experiment Video

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Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
06:05

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Published on: July 14, 2023

Engineering osteochondral constructs through spatial regulation of endochondral ossification.

Eamon J Sheehy1, Tatiana Vinardell, Conor T Buckley

  • 1Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Acta Biomaterialia
|November 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study engineered an osteochondral tissue using bilayered constructs. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes formed stable cartilage and bone, offering a potential treatment for osteochondral defects.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can undergo endochondral ossification in vivo.
  • Modulating this process is key for engineering bone tissue in osteochondral implants.
  • Current methods face challenges in achieving stable cartilage and bone formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer an osteochondral tissue with distinct cartilage and bone layers.
  • To investigate the role of a bilayered construct in promoting endochondral ossification.
  • To assess the potential of this approach for osteochondral defect repair.

Main Methods:

  • Bilayered agarose hydrogels were fabricated with chondrocytes (chondral layer) and MSCs (osseous layer).
  • Constructs were cultured in chondrogenic medium and then treated with hypertrophic medium or implanted subcutaneously.
  • Histological analysis and in vivo implantation were used to evaluate tissue formation.

Main Results:

  • The bilayered co-culture enhanced chondrogenesis in the chondral layer, preserving the chondrogenic phenotype.
  • Hypertrophy and mineralization were suppressed in the MSC layer under standard culture conditions.
  • In vivo implantation and hypertrophic medium treatment induced endochondral ossification specifically in the osseous layer.

Conclusions:

  • A structured chondrogenic bilayered co-culture approach can successfully engineer osteochondral tissue.
  • This method promotes stable cartilage formation and controlled endochondral ossification.
  • This represents a promising strategy for the regenerative repair of osteochondral defects.