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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis A.

Samuel C Matheny1, Joe E Kingery

  • 1University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 740 South Limestone, K302, Kentucky Clinic, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. matheny@uky.edu

American Family Physician
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis A vaccination is recommended for children and vulnerable populations to prevent this common viral illness. The Hepatitis A vaccine is also advised for postexposure prophylaxis, with immunoglobulin as an alternative.

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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis A is a prevalent viral illness globally, with decreased incidence in the US due to vaccination.
  • Transmission occurs via fecal-oral route, with occasional foodborne outbreaks.
  • Symptoms and severity increase with age; young children are often asymptomatic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology, transmission, clinical course, and prevention strategies for Hepatitis A.
  • To highlight the importance of vaccination in reducing Hepatitis A incidence.
  • To outline recommendations for routine and postexposure prophylaxis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Hepatitis A epidemiology and clinical management.
  • Analysis of incidence trends in the United States.
  • Summary of current vaccination and postexposure prophylaxis guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection typically resolves within two months, with a 10-15% relapse rate in the first six months.
  • Chronic infection or liver disease is uncommon with Hepatitis A.
  • Routine vaccination is recommended for children aged 12-23 months and high-risk groups.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatitis A vaccination is a key strategy for disease prevention and control.
  • Vaccine administration is recommended for routine immunization and postexposure prophylaxis.
  • Supportive care remains the primary treatment for Hepatitis A infection.