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The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
Animal and Plant Cell Structure01:30

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into complex structures.
Cell Division
Though both plant and animal cells divide by mitosis (for non-gametic cells) and meiosis (for gametic cells), they differ in the specifics of this process. Unlike animal cells, plant cells lack centrosomes — an organelle responsible for organizing the spindle fibers and segregating the chromosomes during cell...
Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content02:33

Distribution of Cytoplasmic Content

Cytokinesis segregates a cell’s chromosomes and organelles into its daughter cells. Organelles divide and grow prior to cell division but cannot be synthesized de novo; therefore, cells must receive at least one copy of each organelle to survive. Currently, many of the details of how the organelles are distributed are not yet fully elucidated.
Distribution of cytoplasmic determinants
The cytoplasm contains various organelles, as well as salts, proteins, and water. The distribution of small...
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...
Determining the Plane of Cell Division02:13

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
Animal cells
In animal cells, the cleavage furrow forms along the plane of cell division starting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves
08:31

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

Divide Et Impera--cellular auxin compartmentalization.

Elke Barbez1, Jürgen Kleine-Vehn

  • 1Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Plant cells use auxin carriers at the endoplasmic reticulum to control auxin levels, impacting growth and development. This ER-based auxin sequestration maintains cellular homeostasis and regulates signaling pathways.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves
08:31

Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves

Published on: December 2, 2016

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Published on: March 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Plant Physiology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Auxin is a critical phytohormone regulating plant growth and development.
  • Spatiotemporal auxin distribution is controlled by metabolism and intercellular transport.
  • Recent discoveries highlight intracellular auxin carriers at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on auxin compartmentalization at the ER.
  • To discuss the role of ER-localized auxin carriers in cellular auxin homeostasis.
  • To explore the importance of ER auxin sequestration for plant development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of experimental data on ER-localized auxin carriers (PIN5/PIN8, PILS2/PILS5).
  • Discussion of auxin sequestration and conjugation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • PIN5/PIN8 and PILS2/PILS5 are identified as intracellular auxin carriers at the ER.
  • These carriers sequester auxin, potentially limiting nuclear auxin signaling.
  • ER auxin compartmentalization may link auxin transport, signaling, and metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • ER-localized auxin carriers play a significant role in maintaining cellular auxin homeostasis.
  • Auxin sequestration at the ER is a crucial mechanism for regulating auxin signaling.
  • Understanding ER auxin dynamics is vital for comprehending plant growth and development.