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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

Surface criticality at a dynamic phase transition.

Hyunhang Park1, Michel Pleimling

  • 1Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0435, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surfaces in nonequilibrium phase transitions behave differently than bulk systems. Nonequilibrium surface exponents and phase diagrams diverge from equilibrium predictions, revealing unique surface dynamics.

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Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions
11:38

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Understanding phase transitions is crucial in physics.
  • Surface effects can alter bulk properties.
  • Nonequilibrium systems exhibit unique behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of surfaces in nonequilibrium phase transitions.
  • To analyze kinetic Ising models with surfaces under oscillating magnetic fields.
  • To compare surface behavior with bulk and equilibrium systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing kinetic Ising models.
  • Applying periodic oscillating magnetic fields to surfaces.
  • Analyzing critical exponents and phase diagrams.
  • Comparing three-dimensional systems.

Main Results:

  • Bulk systems show continuous nonequilibrium phase transitions with equilibrium Ising model exponents.
  • Nonequilibrium surface exponents differ from equilibrium critical surface exponents.
  • Three-dimensional nonequilibrium surface phase diagrams markedly differ from equilibrium ones.

Conclusions:

  • Surface behavior at nonequilibrium phase transitions is distinct from bulk and equilibrium predictions.
  • The study highlights the importance of surface-specific phenomena in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics.
  • Nonequilibrium surface critical phenomena require dedicated theoretical frameworks.