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The Parathyroid Glands

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Parathyroid carcinoma.

Tooba Mahmud Gauhar¹, Noman Shahzad, Tayyaba Mahmud

¹East Surgical Ward, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. angel.july17@gmail.com

Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP

|December 11, 2012

Summary

Parathyroid carcinoma, a rare cause of hypercalcemia, presents a surgical challenge. This case highlights the complex management of a functional parathyroid tumor requiring extensive resection.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Surgical Pathology

Background:

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy.
It is a significant cause of primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia.
Surgical intervention is the primary curative modality.

Observation:

A 53-year-old female presented with pathological femur fracture, hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, voice changes, dysphagia, and elevated parathormone.
Imaging revealed an irregular mass in the right lower parathyroid gland.
The tumor was found adhered to the esophagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery.

Findings:

The functional parathyroid carcinoma necessitated a radical surgical approach.
En bloc resection included the parathyroid tumor, ipsilateral thyroid lobe, and recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

This extensive resection aimed for complete tumor removal in a challenging clinical scenario.

Implications:

This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and aggressive surgical management of parathyroid carcinoma.
The findings emphasize the potential for locally invasive behavior and the need for careful surgical planning.
Optimal surgical strategy is crucial for achieving curative intent in these rare malignancies.