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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
08:20

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Differentiation and function of Foxp3(+) effector regulatory T cells.

Erika Cretney1, Axel Kallies, Stephen L Nutt

  • 1The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. cretney@wehi.edu.au

Trends in Immunology
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells with specialized functions. These eTreg cells share a common transcription factor, Blimp-1, regardless of their specific stimulus, highlighting their role in immune responses and disease.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
08:20

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
15:33

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • T cell differentiation

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis.
  • Treg cells require the transcription factor forkhead box (Fox)p3 for their program.
  • Conventional CD4(+) T cell transcription factors can influence Treg cell differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss factors controlling effector Treg (eTreg) cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the importance of eTreg cells in disease settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Treg cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of transcription factor roles in eTreg cell development.
  • Examination of Blimp-1 expression in eTreg cells.

Main Results:

  • Treg cells can differentiate into stimulus-specific effector Treg (eTreg) cells.
  • eTreg cells exhibit unique migratory and functional properties.
  • B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (Blimp)-1 is a common marker for all eTreg cells.

Conclusions:

  • Factors controlling eTreg cell differentiation are crucial for understanding immune responses.
  • eTreg cell heterogeneity and common regulatory pathways impact disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research into eTreg cell biology is warranted for therapeutic applications.