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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared.
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Introduction to Chemical Bonds01:01

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Halogen bonding (X-bonding): a biological perspective.

Matthew R Scholfield1, Crystal M Vander Zanden, Megan Carter

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1870, USA.

Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Halogen bonds (X-bonds) are electrostatic interactions crucial for recognizing halogenated compounds. Understanding these interactions aids in designing new inhibitors and biomaterials.

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Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry
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Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 29, 2013

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry
11:37

Analyzing Protein Dynamics Using Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Halogen bonding (X-bond) is a significant interaction in halogenated compounds.
  • It's an electrostatic interaction involving a positively charged σ-hole acting as a Lewis acid.
  • This interaction is analogous to hydrogen bonding (H-bond).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a biologist's overview of X-bonds.
  • To explain their application as a directional and specific molecular interaction.
  • To highlight their relevance in rational drug design and biomaterial engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Overview of X-bond occurrence in biomolecular structures.
  • Discussion of experimental studies on X-bond structure-energy relationships.
  • Explanation of computational modeling approaches for X-bonds.

Main Results:

  • X-bonds are prevalent in biomolecular structures.
  • Structure-energy relationships of X-bonds can be studied experimentally and computationally.
  • X-bonds offer a specific and directional interaction.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding X-bonds facilitates their application in molecular design.
  • X-bonds can be incorporated into rational design strategies for halogenated inhibitors.
  • X-bonds are valuable for molecular engineering of biological materials.