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Related Concept Videos

Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension could be...
The Colonization of Land02:22

The Colonization of Land

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...
Escape Velocity01:26

Escape Velocity

The escape velocity of an object is defined as the minimum initial velocity that it requires to escape the surface of another object to which it is gravitationally bound and never to return. For example, what would be the minimum velocity at which a satellite should be launched from the Earth's surface such that it just escapes the Earth's gravitational field?
To calculate the escape velocity, it is assumed that no energy is lost to any frictional forces. In practice, a satellite launched from...
Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores02:26

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen
07:15

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

Published on: March 21, 2011

Alien invaders.

Michael Gross

    Current Biology : CB
    |December 11, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Global trade and habitat changes facilitate species invasions. Understanding invasion factors is crucial for effective ecological surveillance and management of damaging invasive species.

    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Environmental Science
    • Conservation Biology

    Background:

    • Global trade and human activities have accelerated the introduction of non-native species into new environments.
    • While many introduced species do not establish or cause harm, a subset becomes invasive, posing significant ecological and economic threats.
    • Effective management of invasive species requires proactive strategies informed by ecological understanding.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the increasing threat of invasive species driven by global change.
    • To emphasize the need for enhanced ecological surveillance methods.
    • To underscore the importance of identifying key factors that predict successful species invasions.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of recent trends in global species introductions.

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    Published on: May 4, 2018

    Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab
    06:48

    Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

    Published on: September 16, 2020

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    Last Updated: May 16, 2026

    Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen
    07:15

    Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

    Published on: March 21, 2011

    Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects
    10:14

    Double-stranded RNA Oral Delivery Methods to Induce RNA Interference in Phloem and Plant-sap-feeding Hemipteran Insects

    Published on: May 4, 2018

    Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab
    06:48

    Assessing Intertidal Populations of the Invasive European Green Crab

    Published on: September 16, 2020

  • Analysis of contributing factors such as trade and habitat alteration.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on invasion ecology.

    • Main Results:

    • Thousands of species have invaded new territories in recent decades.
    • Global trade and man-made habitat changes are primary facilitators of these invasions.
    • The ecological impact varies, with some invasions causing serious damage.

    Conclusions:

    • There is an urgent need for improved surveillance systems to detect and monitor invasive species.
    • Further research into the ecological and environmental factors governing successful invasions is essential.
    • Proactive management strategies must be developed based on a better understanding of invasion dynamics.