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Chromatography: Introduction

Chromatography: Introduction

Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile phase.
The phase in which the compounds linger or on which the compounds adsorb is called the stationary phase, whereas the mobile phase is the solvent that carries the solutes to be analyzed. In traditional column chromatography, the mixture flows through the stationary phase, and the compounds partition between the stationary and mobile phases...

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...

Chromatographic Methods: Classification

Chromatographic Methods: Classification

Chromatographic techniques are classified in three ways: the classification is based on the physical state of the stationary and mobile phases, how the mobile phase and the stationary phase contact each other, or through the chemical or physical processes that isolate the components of the sample. Typically, the mobile phase is either a liquid or gas, while the stationary phase is either a solid or a liquid layer applied to a solid surface.
Chromatographic techniques are typically named by...

Principles Of Column Chromatography

Principles Of Column Chromatography

The chromatography technique was first invented in 1901 by Michael S. Tswett, a Russian botanist, to separate plant pigments using organic solvents. Further, in 1941, Archer John Porter Martin and R. L. M. Synge modified the technique by packing silica gel into a column. A mixture of amino acids was then separated on the packed column using chloroform and water mixture as the mobile phase. This was the first report on column chromatography. At present, column chromatography is a widely used...

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
For an analyte to remain on the column for a sufficient amount of time, it must exhibit some level of compatibility (or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Curtain Flow Column: Optimization of Efficiency and Sensitivity

Curtain Flow Column: Optimization of Efficiency and Sensitivity

Published on: June 12, 2016

Are axial and radial flow chromatography different?

Tamara Besselink¹, Albert van der Padt, Anja E M Janssen

¹Food Process Engineering Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Journal of Chromatography. A

|December 12, 2012

Summary

Radial flow chromatography offers a scalable solution for large-volume processing. This study found comparable performance to axial flow chromatography, with radial flow being preferable for larger resin volumes.

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Curtain Flow Column: Optimization of Efficiency and Sensitivity

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Published on: December 15, 2015

Area of Science:

Biochemical Engineering
Chromatographic Separation Science

Background:

Scaling up packed bed chromatography requires efficient methods for larger volumes.
Radial flow chromatography presents a potential solution for increased processing capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the performance of radial flow and axial flow affinity chromatography.
To investigate the impact of radial flow column design parameters on performance.

Main Methods:

Experimental comparison of axial and radial flow columns using affinity resin for BSA adsorption.
Theoretical analysis using mathematical models to calculate velocity profiles and resin distribution.
Evaluation of performance based on breakthrough characteristics and pressure drop.

Main Results:

No significant difference in performance was observed between axial and radial flow columns at equal average velocities.
Radial flow chromatography performance closely matched axial flow when the outer-to-inner radius ratio was approximately 2.
Increased radius ratios in radial flow columns influenced velocity profiles, pressure drop, and potential resin compression.

Conclusions:

Radial flow chromatography demonstrates comparable performance to axial flow for chromatographic separations.
Design considerations, such as the radius ratio, are crucial for optimizing radial flow column performance and managing pressure drop.
Axial flow chromatography is suitable for small-scale processes, while radial flow chromatography is advantageous for larger volumes (tens of litres).