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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
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How is digit identity determined during limb development?

Takayuki Suzuki1

  • 1Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan. suzuki.takayuki@j.mbox.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Development, Growth & Differentiation
|December 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The chick embryo model reveals how limb buds form digits. Key discoveries like the apical ectodermal ridge and Shh gene explain digit identity determination and pattern formation.

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Analysis of Cell Differentiation, Morphogenesis, and Patterning During Chicken Embryogenesis Using the Soaked-Bead Assay

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Embryology

Background:

  • The chick embryo has been a key model for studying limb development for over 40 years.
  • Milestone discoveries include the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), zone of polarizing activity (ZPA), and the Shh gene.
  • Established theories of morphogen and positional information provide a framework for understanding pattern formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical studies on digit identity determination in limb development.
  • To describe the molecular mechanisms underlying digit identity.
  • To present current models and discuss future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Historical literature review of chick embryo limb development studies.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms, including gene expression and signaling pathways.
  • Synthesis of current models for digit identity determination.

Main Results:

  • Detailed history of research on digit identity determination.
  • Explanation of molecular players like the Shh gene and their roles.
  • Overview of established and emerging models of pattern formation.

Conclusions:

  • The chick embryo model has been crucial for understanding digit identity determination.
  • Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways are key to pattern formation.
  • Further research is needed to address remaining questions in limb development.