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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope01:18

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope

The outermost layers of prokaryotic cells play a critical role in their survival, virulence, and interaction with the environment. These layers, often composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or proteins, form protective and adhesive structures that vary in organization and function.Capsules and Slime LayersCapsules are highly organized, tightly bound layers that firmly attach to the bacterial cell wall. Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides, though some are made of polypeptides. These...
COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of different...
Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
Coat assembly depends on the local availability of phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs and GTP-binding proteins. Adaptor proteins, which link the coat proteins to the membrane, bind to these PIPs and play a crucial role in controlling...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication of Core-Shell Microcapsules carrying Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Spheroids
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Shape-dependent cellular processing of polyelectrolyte capsules.

Olga Shimoni1, Yan Yan, Yajun Wang

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.

ACS Nano
|December 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Particle shape influences cell interactions. Rod-shaped polymer hydrogel capsules show slower cellular uptake than spherical ones, but both are processed similarly within lysosomes.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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Published on: October 13, 2021

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Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure
06:01

Modulating Shape of Polyester Based Polymersomes using Osmotic Pressure

Published on: April 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Particle shape is a critical factor for controlling particle-cell interactions.
  • Tailoring particle geometry offers new avenues for drug delivery and biomedical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize rod-shaped polymer hydrogel capsules with tunable aspect ratios (ARs).
  • To investigate the impact of capsule shape and AR on cellular internalization and intracellular fate.

Main Methods:

  • Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly using silica templates to create poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogel capsules (PMA HCs).
  • Quantitative analysis using flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry, and fluorescence deconvolution microscopy.
  • Assessment of cellular uptake kinetics and colocalization with lysosomal markers.

Main Results:

  • PMA HCs with ARs ranging from 1 to 4 were successfully prepared.
  • Cellular internalization kinetics were dependent on AR; spherical capsules (AR=1) were internalized faster and more efficiently than rod-shaped capsules.
  • Capsule shape did not affect lysosomal compartmentalization, as indicated by colocalization with LAMP1.

Conclusions:

  • The aspect ratio of polymer hydrogel capsules significantly influences their cellular internalization rate and extent.
  • Soft polymer capsule shape does not appear to affect their intracellular trafficking to lysosomes.
  • Findings provide insights into shape-dependent cellular interactions for designing advanced nanomaterials.