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Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...

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BioMEMS and Cellular Biology: Perspectives and Applications
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Published on: October 1, 2007

Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering: A Tipping Point.

Genevieve Brown, Peter J Butler, David W Chang

    Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering
    |December 25, 2012
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering (CMBE) is an emerging field. This report outlines research gaps and future directions to leverage CMBE expertise for improving human health.

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    Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology
    04:42

    Micro-scale Engineering for Cell Biology

    Published on: October 1, 2007

    Area of Science:

    • * Biomedical Engineering
    • * Molecular Biology
    • * Cellular Biology

    Background:

    • * The inaugural Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering (CMBE) conference convened in January 2011.
    • * Leaders from the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) and Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine (SPRBM) participated.
    • * A key outcome was the consensus to develop a white paper on the future of CMBE.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • * To highlight the significance of CMBE as a rapidly advancing field.
    • * To identify critical research gaps addressable by CMBE expertise.
    • * To offer perspectives on utilizing CMBE to tackle challenges in human health.

    Main Methods:

    • * Convening a Round Table discussion with global leaders in CMBE.
    • * Synthesizing insights from expert discussions.
    • * Compiling a white paper outlining future research trajectories.

    Main Results:

    • * Identification of key research areas within CMBE.
    • * Articulation of the potential impact of CMBE on human health.
    • * Establishment of a roadmap for future CMBE development.

    Conclusions:

    • * CMBE holds significant promise for addressing complex health challenges.
    • * Strategic focus on identified research gaps will accelerate progress.
    • * Collaborative efforts are essential for shaping the future of CMBE.