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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Triggering Cell Stress and Death Using Conventional UV Laser Confocal Microscopy
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Triggering Cell Stress and Death Using Conventional UV Laser Confocal Microscopy

Published on: February 3, 2017

Killing from within.

John B Mumm1, Jan Emmerich, Martin Oft

  • 1Targenics; San Francisco, CA USA.

Oncoimmunology
|December 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Pegylated Interleukin-10 (PEG-IL10) therapy effectively rejects established tumors. This immunotherapy promotes anti-tumor CD8(+) T cell responses and interferon-gamma mediated immunity, leading to tumor rejection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Therapeutics

Background:

  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is typically recognized as an immunosuppressive cytokine.
  • The role of IL-10 in cancer immunity is complex and context-dependent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the therapeutic potential of continuous pegylated IL-10 (PEG-IL10) administration in established syngeneic tumors.
  • To elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying PEG-IL10-mediated tumor rejection.

Main Methods:

  • Continuous administration of PEG-IL10 in a syngeneic tumor model.
  • Analysis of immune cell populations and cytokine profiles within the tumor microenvironment.
  • Assessment of tumor growth and rejection.

Main Results:

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Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells
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Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Triggering Cell Stress and Death Using Conventional UV Laser Confocal Microscopy
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Published on: February 3, 2017

Deep and Spatially Controlled Volume Ablations using a Two-Photon Microscope in the Zebrafish Gastrula
09:50

Deep and Spatially Controlled Volume Ablations using a Two-Photon Microscope in the Zebrafish Gastrula

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Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells
09:49

Antigen Specific In Vivo Killing Assay using CFSE Labeled Target Cells

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  • Continuous PEG-IL10 treatment led to the rejection of large, established, and metastatic syngeneic tumors.
  • PEG-IL10 therapy induced significant expansion and activation of intratumoral, tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells.
  • The observed tumor rejection was mediated by interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and associated with a Th1-like immune response.

Conclusions:

  • Continuous PEG-IL10 administration can overcome the immunosuppressive properties of IL-10 and induce potent anti-tumor immunity.
  • PEG-IL10 therapy represents a promising strategy for treating established and metastatic cancers by enhancing CD8(+) T cell responses.
  • Targeting tumor-specific T cell immunity via PEG-IL10 holds potential for cancer immunotherapy.