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Related Concept Videos

Neurotransmitters01:31

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.
Neurotransmitters01:30

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be cholinergic or adrenergic depending on the neurotransmitters synthesized. Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. This includes all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition, neurons of the somatic nervous system also use...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters01:29

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...
Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action01:26

Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action

Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

A Plate-Based Assay for the Measurement of Endogenous Monoamine Release in Acute Brain Slices
07:56

A Plate-Based Assay for the Measurement of Endogenous Monoamine Release in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: August 11, 2021

Modulation for emergent networks: serotonin and dopamine.

Juyang Weng1, Stephen Paslaski, James Daly

  • 1Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. weng@cse.msu.edu

Neural Networks : the Official Journal of the International Neural Network Society
|January 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel emergent modulatory system for artificial neural networks, inspired by the brain's serotonin and dopamine systems. This system enhances autonomous learning efficiency by assigning value to experiences, crucial for agent survival and competition.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

A Plate-Based Assay for the Measurement of Endogenous Monoamine Release in Acute Brain Slices
07:56

A Plate-Based Assay for the Measurement of Endogenous Monoamine Release in Acute Brain Slices

Published on: August 11, 2021

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method
10:53

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

Published on: February 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • Autonomous learning benefits from value-sensitive experiences to optimize resource allocation.
  • Existing reinforcement learning models often rely on symbolic representations, limiting emergent behavior.
  • Developing emergent motivational systems for neural networks remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a generic emergent modulatory system for emergent neural networks.
  • To model intrinsic aversive (serotonin) and appetitive (dopamine) stimuli signaling.
  • To investigate the system's efficacy in learning through interaction and environmental competition.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced a two-subsystem emergent modulatory system: serotonin for aversive stimuli and dopamine for appetitive stimuli.
  • Implemented the system in emergent neural networks for autonomous learning.
  • Tested the system in a visual recognition task with a teacher providing rewards/punishments and a navigation task with social agents.

Main Results:

  • The proposed system effectively enhances learning efficiency in autonomous agents.
  • Demonstrated the system's capability to learn from indirect feedback (rewards/punishments).
  • Showcased the system's adaptability in complex environments involving social interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The emergent modulatory system provides a biologically plausible mechanism for motivation in artificial agents.
  • This approach facilitates autonomous learning by enabling networks to autonomously generate valuable internal representations.
  • The system holds potential for advancing artificial intelligence in dynamic and interactive environments.