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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

An update on the hepatitis E virus.

Seth N Sclair1, Eugene R Schiff

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA. ssclair@med.miami.edu

Current Gastroenterology Reports
|January 15, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection understanding has advanced, revealing genotype 3 as a prevalent porcine zoonotic disease in industrialized nations. HEV poses risks for liver disease patients and immunocompromised individuals, with promising vaccine developments.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
09:12

Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

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Published on: June 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E was historically considered an acute, fecal-oral transmitted disease endemic to Africa and Asia.
  • It was known to cause severe illness in pregnant women during their third trimester.
  • The virus was first discovered in the early 1980s.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent key advances in understanding Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection.
  • To highlight the evolving epidemiological and clinical perspectives of HEV.
  • To discuss new findings regarding HEV genotypes, transmission, and potential interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and clinical trial data on Hepatitis E virus.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on HEV prevalence and transmission routes.
  • Evaluation of clinical outcomes in different patient populations and the efficacy of developed vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis E genotype 3 is now recognized as a prevalent zoonotic disease originating from pigs in industrialized nations.
  • HEV infection can lead to chronic illness, fibrosis, and significant morbidity/mortality in immunocompromised individuals and those with underlying liver disease.
  • Two vaccines against HEV have been developed and demonstrated excellent results in clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • The understanding of Hepatitis E virus has significantly evolved beyond its traditional perception.
  • HEV represents a growing public health concern, particularly genotype 3, due to its zoonotic potential and risks in vulnerable populations.
  • The development of effective vaccines offers a promising strategy for controlling Hepatitis E infection.