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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with constant...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
06:46

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

Published on: March 18, 2019

The reference frames in saccade adaptation.

Eckart Zimmermann1

  • 1Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3) Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany. ec.zimmermann@fz-juelich.de

Journal of Neurophysiology
|January 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Saccade adaptation requires target visibility duration for spatiotopic coding. Immediate saccades to new targets show no spatial adaptation, suggesting visual target representation builds over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Oculomotor Research
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Saccade adaptation recalibrates eye movements when targets are consistently missed.
  • Laboratory studies demonstrate saccade shortening or lengthening via target displacement during execution.
  • Understanding the coding frames (retinotopic vs. spatiotopic) for saccade adaptation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether saccade adaptation is retinotopic, spatiotopic, or a combination.
  • To determine the role of target preview duration in spatiotopic saccade adaptation.
  • To dissociate the mechanisms underlying outward and inward saccade adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Saccades were performed to an adapted target from various starting positions.
  • A delayed saccade paradigm systematically varied target presentation duration before execution.
  • Adaptation to spatiotopic target shifts was assessed under different preview durations.

Main Results:

  • Spatiotopic shifts in saccade landing positions were dependent on target preview duration.
  • No spatiotopic adaptation occurred when saccades were immediate to a suddenly appearing target.
  • Outward adaptation showed spatiotopic effects, while inward adaptation did not.

Conclusions:

  • A spatiotopic representation of visual targets develops with increased preview duration before saccade execution.
  • The findings suggest distinct coordinate frames for reactive and voluntary saccades.
  • Outward adaptation may involve visual target representation, whereas inward adaptation is primarily motor-based.