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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Regulated Protein Degradation02:58

Regulated Protein Degradation

It is vital to regulate the activity of enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic proteins inside the cell. This can be achieved either through creating a balance between their rate of synthesis and degradation or regulating the intrinsic activity of the protein. Both these regulation mechanisms play an essential role in the normal functioning of cells.
Protein degradation plays two important roles in the cells. It helps to protect cells from misfolded or damaged proteins before they lead to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function
06:06

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

Published on: May 14, 2021

MHC-II ubiquitination.

Aude De Gassart1,2,3, Francesca De Angelis Rigotti1,2,3, Evelina Gatti4,5,6

  • 1Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|January 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Detecting ubiquitinated proteins is challenging due to their short half-life and reversible nature. Ubiquitination of MHC molecules is crucial for regulating the immunostimulatory functions of human dendritic cells.

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Comparative Strategies for Ubiquitination Detection in Mammalian Cell Lysates Using SMAD2/SMURF2 as a Model
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ubiquitinated protein detection is difficult because ubiquitination often targets proteins for degradation, reducing their half-life.
  • Ubiquitination is a reversible post-translational modification regulated by deubiquitinases in eukaryotic cells.
  • MHC molecule ubiquitination plays a significant role in immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ubiquitination in the function of human dendritic cells.
  • To understand the impact of MHC molecule ubiquitination on immune cell activation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing techniques for detecting ubiquitinated proteins.
  • Analyzing the ubiquitination status of MHC molecules on activated human dendritic cells.

Main Results:

  • Ubiquitination of MHC molecules was identified as a key regulatory event.
  • This modification was linked to the immunostimulatory properties of activated human dendritic cells.

Conclusions:

  • MHC molecule ubiquitination is critical for modulating the immune-stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells.
  • Understanding ubiquitination dynamics is essential for controlling immune cell function.