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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Metal-bound halogen atoms in crystal engineering.

Pierangelo Metrangolo1, Giuseppe Resnati

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering Giulio Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy. pierangelo.metrangolo@polimi.it

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|January 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Early research by Brammer and Orpen et al. revealed the complex supramolecular chemistry of halogen atoms. These findings are particularly relevant given the new IUPAC definition of the halogen bond.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
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Published on: December 29, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Chemical Bonding
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • The study revisits early contributions to understanding halogen atom interactions.
  • Halogen bonding is a significant non-covalent interaction in chemistry and biology.
  • Recent advancements necessitate a re-evaluation of historical findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the seminal work of Brammer and Orpen et al. on halogen atom behavior.
  • To contextualize early findings within the framework of the new IUPAC definition of the halogen bond.
  • To underscore the importance of supramolecular interactions involving halogens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of early research contributions.
  • Comparative analysis of historical data with the current IUPAC definition.
  • Viewpoint discussion synthesizing existing knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Early work demonstrated the rich supramolecular capabilities of halogen atoms.
  • The findings align with and support the modern understanding of halogen bonding.
  • The supramolecular behavior of halogens is confirmed as a key area of chemical research.

Conclusions:

  • The early contributions of Brammer and Orpen et al. are foundational to halogen bond research.
  • The IUPAC definition provides a unifying framework for understanding halogen interactions.
  • Further exploration of halogen supramolecular chemistry is warranted.