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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition
07:32

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Over-bite and vertical changes following first premolar extraction in high angle cases.

G C Ramesh1, M C Pradeep, G Arun Kumar

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimoga, Karnataka, India. ramsmilecare@gmail.com

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice
|February 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

First premolar extraction in high-angle cases did not decrease vertical facial dimension or overbite. Mandibular plane angle remained stable, challenging the wedge hypothesis in this patient group.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 14, 2026

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition
07:32

Measuring Maxillary Posterior Tooth Movement: A Model Assessment using Palatal and Dental Superimposition

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics
  • Cephalometric analysis
  • Dentofacial orthopedics

Background:

  • Nonextraction treatment typically increases lower anterior face height (LAFH), while extraction treatment decreases it.
  • The "wedge hypothesis" suggests vertical dimension reduction after first bicuspid extraction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cephalometric changes in overbite and vertical dimension after first premolar extraction in adult patients with high mandibular plane angles.
  • To evaluate the validity of the wedge hypothesis in this specific orthodontic context.

Main Methods:

  • Cephalometric analysis of 45 adult patients with a high mandibular plane angle (Gonial angle-SN ≥ 32°) and Class I molar/canine relationships.
  • Comparison of pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms to assess changes in overbite, vertical dimension, and mandibular plane angle.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant decrease in overbite was observed following first premolar extraction.
  • No significant decrease in vertical facial dimension or mandibular plane angle occurred.

Conclusions:

  • The findings do not support the wedge hypothesis, as vertical facial dimension and overbite did not decrease after first premolar extraction in high-angle cases.
  • Residual growth and orthodontic mechanics may maintain mandibular plane angle stability, even with inferior movement.
  • Results should be interpreted cautiously due to the study's small sample size.