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Related Concept Videos

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments
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Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Anne D Walling1, Gretchen Dickson

  • 1University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, KS, USA.

American Family Physician
|February 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disorder causing progressive weakness. Treatments like plasma exchange and IV immune globulin improve outcomes, but some patients face long-term disability.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a group of neuropathic disorders.
  • It involves progressive weakness and loss of reflexes due to an immune attack on nerve tissue.
  • Incidence is approximately 1.7 per 100,000 persons annually in the US.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome.
  • To highlight the efficacy of specific disease-modifying therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis (elevated protein, normal cells), and nerve conduction studies (slowed or blocked conduction).

Main Results:

  • The most common form, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, causes proximal motor weakness.
  • Pain and autonomic dysfunction are common; respiratory compromise is a risk.
  • Plasma exchange and intravenous immune globulin accelerate recovery.

Conclusions:

  • Hospitalization for multidisciplinary care is crucial.
  • Supportive measures manage pain and prevent complications.
  • While mortality is low (3%), significant disability affects up to 20% of patients.