Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 13, 2026

Application of a Dual Upper Limb Task-Oriented Robotic System for the Functional Recovery of the Upper Limb in Stroke Patients
Published on: October 11, 2024
Throwing injuries of the upper extremity
Neel B Patel1, Stephen Thomas, Martin L Lazarus
1Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC2026, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Neel.Patel2@uchospitals.edu
Abstract:
The overhead throwing motion is a complex sequence of maneuvers that requires coordinated muscle activity in the upper and lower extremities. The shoulder and elbow are subject to multidirectional forces and are particularly vulnerable to injury during specific phases of the overhead throwing motion. Ligamentous, tendinous, neural, and osseous pathology that may occur in the shoulder or elbow of an overhead-throwing athlete will be discussed, with an emphasis on the role of MR imaging and MR arthrography.
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