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Related Concept Videos

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.
Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in the...
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.

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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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Published on: August 25, 2016

Inhomogeneous high harmonic generation in krypton clusters.

H Ruf1, C Handschin, R Cireasa

  • 1CELIA, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, UMR5107, F33405 Talence, France.

Physical Review Letters
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-order harmonic generation from clusters is clarified. A new recollisional mechanism explains the observed depolarized emission, challenging existing theories and paving the way for future research in laser-matter interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and Molecular Physics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Laser Physics

Background:

  • High-order harmonic generation (HOHG) from atomic clusters is poorly understood, with conflicting theories.
  • Experimentally distinguishing cluster and monomer contributions to HOHG is difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally isolate and characterize HOHG originating purely from atomic clusters.
  • To investigate the underlying physical mechanism responsible for cluster-based HOHG.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled mixture of atomic clusters and monomers.
  • Spectrally and spatially resolved emission studies.
  • Analysis of harmonic emission response to laser ellipticity.

Main Results:

  • Identified spectral regions where emission originates exclusively from clusters.
  • Observed depolarized harmonic emission from clusters, indicating inhomogeneous, low-density sources.
  • Demonstrated a novel recollisional mechanism driving cluster HOHG.

Conclusions:

  • The study isolates cluster-specific HOHG, revealing a new recollisional mechanism.
  • Depolarized emission provides evidence for statistical inhomogeneous emission from low-density cluster sources.
  • Findings necessitate revisions to existing theoretical models of HOHG from clusters.