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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates
06:49

Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering of GdBa2Cu3O7−δ/ La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Quasi-bilayer Films on SrTiO3 (STO) Single-crystal Substrates

Published on: April 12, 2019

Electron-mediated ferromagnetic behavior in CoO/ZnO multilayers.

H-J Lee1, C Bordel, J Karel

  • 1Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Al-doped ZnO (AZO) multilayers with cobalt oxide (CoO) show ferromagnetism up to 300 K. Magnetic properties depend on CoO layer count and AZO thickness, mediated by electron carriers in AZO.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are promising for spintronic applications.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of ferromagnetism in oxide multilayers is crucial for their development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ferromagnetic properties of cobalt oxide/Al-doped ZnO (CoO/AZO) multilayers.
  • To elucidate the role of AZO layer thickness and CoO layer configuration in determining magnetic behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of CoO/AZO multilayers with varying CoO layer counts and AZO thicknesses.
  • Magnetic characterization using SQUID magnetometry.
  • Electrical transport measurements, including ordinary and anomalous Hall effect.

Main Results:

  • Ferromagnetism observed up to approximately 300 K in CoO/AZO multilayers.
  • Magnetic behavior oscillates with the number of CoO layers (odd vs. even) and AZO layer thickness.
  • Ferromagnetism vanishes when intrinsic ZnO replaces AZO, indicating the crucial role of AZO carriers.
  • RKKY exchange coupling mediated by AZO electron carriers explains the observed ferromagnetism.
  • Anomalous Hall effect confirms magnetic polarization of AZO carriers.

Conclusions:

  • CoO/AZO multilayers exhibit robust ferromagnetism up to room temperature.
  • The observed magnetic properties are attributed to RKKY exchange interactions mediated by carriers in the AZO layers.
  • The findings provide insights into the design of oxide-based spintronic materials.