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Related Concept Videos

Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase

In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
Fermentation01:29

Fermentation

Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by metabolizing glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism.
Fermentation is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce energy. During this process, the...
What are Carbohydrates?01:44

What are Carbohydrates?

Overview
Microbial Fermentation01:23

Microbial Fermentation

Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols: Hemiacetal Formation

Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies
10:29

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

Published on: May 18, 2014

Fructose: it's "alcohol without the buzz".

Robert H Lustig1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. rlustig@peds.ucsf.edu

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
|March 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Both Atkins and Japanese diets promote weight loss by eliminating fructose, a sugar that drives obesity and metabolic disease. Fructose metabolism in the liver mimics alcohol

Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Metabolic Health
  • Dietary Research

Background:

  • The Atkins Diet (low-carb, high-fat) and Japanese Diet (high-carb, low-fat) both promote weight loss.
  • A shared characteristic is the elimination of the monosaccharide fructose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the common mechanism by which fructose elimination contributes to weight loss in diverse diets.
  • To elucidate the distinct metabolic and hedonic effects of fructose compared to glucose.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of dietary components and their metabolic outcomes.
  • Review of metabolic pathways detailing fructose and glucose utilization.
  • Examination of fructose's impact on hepatic lipogenesis, insulin resistance, and brain reward systems.

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Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies
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Published on: May 18, 2014

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
05:12

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

Published on: June 23, 2023

Main Results:

  • Fructose metabolism, unlike glucose, overwhelms hepatic mitochondrial capacity in a hypercaloric state.
  • This leads to de novo lipogenesis, hepatic insulin resistance, and promotes chronic metabolic diseases.
  • Fructose also induces oxidative stress and alters brain reward pathways, driving overconsumption, similar to ethanol.

Conclusions:

  • Fructose exerts detrimental health effects beyond its caloric content, independent of glucose metabolism.
  • Fructose consumption parallels the rise in obesity and metabolic disease.
  • Fructose should be considered metabolically and behaviorally akin to "alcohol without the buzz" due to its unique detrimental effects.