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Related Concept Videos

Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels01:09

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and β-barrels

In multi-pass transmembrane proteins, the polypeptide chain crosses the membrane more than once. The transmembrane polypeptide chain either forms an α-helix or β-strand structure. α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins are ubiquitous, whereas β-strand containing ones are mainly found in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
α-Helix containing multi-pass transmembrane proteins
Multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as G-protein-linked receptors (GPCRs) and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Transmembrane halogen-bonding cascades.

Andreas Vargas Jentzsch1, Stefan Matile

  • 1Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Linear alignment of halogen-bond donors on rigid scaffolds significantly enhances anion transport across membranes. This breakthrough overcomes limitations of previous designs, achieving excellent activities and unprecedented cooperativity for transmembrane anion hopping.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Membrane Transport
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Halogen bonds are emerging as effective tools for anion transport across lipid bilayers.
  • Previous designs using small transporters or cyclic arrays showed limited efficacy.
  • Calix[4]arene scaffolds with cyclic halogen-bond donors yielded weak transport activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of linear alignment of halogen-bond donors on transmembrane anion transport.
  • To develop a novel scaffold for efficient anion hopping across lipid bilayers.
  • To achieve unprecedented cooperativity in anion transport systems.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of rigid-rod scaffolds functionalized with halogen-bond donors.
  • Incorporation of these scaffolds into lipid bilayer membranes.
  • Measurement of anion transport rates and determination of cooperativity coefficients.

Main Results:

  • Linear alignment of halogen-bond donors on rigid-rod scaffolds resulted in excellent anion transport activities.
  • An unprecedented cooperativity coefficient (m = 3.37) was achieved, indicating a highly cooperative transport mechanism.
  • This linear arrangement overcomes the poor performance observed with previous cyclic designs.

Conclusions:

  • Linear arrangement of halogen-bond donors on transmembrane rigid-rod scaffolds is a highly effective strategy for anion transport.
  • The observed cooperativity suggests a cooperative anion hopping mechanism along the scaffold.
  • This finding opens new avenues for designing efficient artificial transmembrane transporters.