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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System IV: CMRI01:21

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System IV: CMRI

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
09:30

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Published on: December 18, 2016

Spin echo magnetic resonance imaging.

Bernd André Jung1, Matthias Weigel

  • 1Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. bernd.jung@uniklinik-freiburg.de

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|March 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explains the fundamental spin echo sequence in MRI, detailing how T1, T2, and proton density contrasts are formed. It covers key parameters like repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE) for clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiology

Background:

  • The spin echo (SE) sequence is a foundational technique in MRI, underpinning many clinical applications.
  • Understanding SE principles is crucial for interpreting MRI images and optimizing scan parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental principles of spin echo formation in MRI.
  • To explain the generation of T1, T2, and proton density image contrasts.
  • To discuss the influence of imaging parameters and sequence characteristics on clinical utility.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the physics underlying spin echo generation.
  • Explanation of the roles of repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE).
  • Comparison of spin echo with gradient echo imaging.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of spin echo formation and its relation to image contrast (T1, T2, proton density).
  • Explanation of how TR and TE parameters modulate image contrast.
  • Illustration of SE sequence behavior in multi-slice imaging and with flow, and its differences from gradient echo sequences.

Conclusions:

  • The spin echo sequence is essential for generating fundamental MRI contrasts.
  • Understanding SE parameters (TR, TE) is key to controlling image appearance and clinical application.
  • SE sequence characteristics vary with magnetic field strength, impacting diagnostic utility.