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Related Concept Videos

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending01:23

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

The design of prismatic beams, structural elements with a uniform cross-section, focuses on ensuring safety and structural integrity under load. The design process begins by determining the allowable stress, either from material properties tables, or by dividing the material's ultimate strength by a safety factor. This safety factor is essential for accommodating uncertainties, and varies depending on the material—timber, steel, or concrete—with each having unique strength and stress...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Principal Stresses in a Beam

In prismatic beams subject to arbitrary transverse loading, It is essential to analyze the interaction between shear forces and bending moments in order to understand stress distribution and ensure structural integrity. The highest normal or bending stress occurs at the outer fibers of the beam, decreasing linearly to zero at the neutral axis. In contrast, shear stress peaks at the neutral axis and diminishes toward the outer surfaces.
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Principal Stresses: Problem Solving01:15

Principal Stresses: Problem Solving

When analyzing two planes intersecting at right angles under the influence of shearing, tensile, and compressive stresses, it is essential to identify principal planes, maximum shearing stress, and principal stresses. To find the principal planes, apply a formula that equates them to twice the shearing stress divided by the difference between tensile and compressive stresses.

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Determining the Mechanical Strength of Ultra-Fine-Grained Metals
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First-principles structural design of superhard materials.

Xinxin Zhang1, Yanchao Wang, Jian Lv

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|March 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method using the CALYPSO algorithm to design superhard materials by balancing hardness and energy. The approach accurately predicts superhard structures for various chemical systems under pressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computational Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Designing superhard materials is crucial for advanced technological applications.
  • Traditional methods focus on ground state energy, often overlooking mechanical properties like hardness.
  • Predicting superhard materials under external conditions like pressure remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel methodology for designing superhard materials.
  • To predict superhard structures by considering both energy and hardness.
  • To establish a reliable approach for discovering new superhard materials under pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the CALYPSO algorithm with chemical composition as input.
  • Employing a hardness-fitness function combined with first-principles calculations.
  • Developing an improved hardness model using the Laplacian matrix for anisotropic systems.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated hardness vs. energy maps to identify energetically favorable superhard structures.
  • Reproduced known experimental and theoretical superhard structures in carbon, B-N, and B-C-N systems.
  • Demonstrated the reliability of the approach in predicting superhard materials.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methodology offers a robust framework for designing superhard materials.
  • The approach balances energy and hardness for accurate mechanical property prediction.
  • This method has broad applicability for discovering new superhard materials across diverse chemical systems.