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Related Concept Videos

Amines: Introduction01:07

Amines: Introduction

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated

Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...

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Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials
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Amidine functionality as a stimulus-responsive building block.

Jing Yang Quek1, Thomas P Davis, Andrew B Lowe

  • 1Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.

Chemical Society Reviews
|April 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecules with amidine and guanidine groups can reversibly bind carbon dioxide (CO2) in water. This property enables applications like reversible emulsion stabilization and nanoparticle self-assembly.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Amidine and guanidine functional groups are key components in various chemical systems.
  • Reversible carbon dioxide binding is crucial for developing sustainable chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental properties and applications of amidine- and guanidine-containing molecules.
  • To highlight the reversible carbon dioxide binding capabilities of these functional groups.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on small molecules and macromolecules with amidine/guanidine groups.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating carbon dioxide capture and associated phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Amidine and guanidine groups facilitate reversible carbon dioxide binding in aqueous media.
  • This binding often induces a hydrophobic-to-hydrophilic transition.
  • Applications include reversible emulsion stabilization and purification.

Conclusions:

  • Amidine and guanidine functionalities offer a versatile platform for CO2 capture and related applications.
  • The reversible nature of CO2 binding enables dynamic control over material properties.
  • Further exploration of these groups can lead to innovative solutions in materials science and environmental technology.