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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
07:51

Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs

Published on: August 27, 2019

Broadband transmission EPR spectroscopy.

Wilfred R Hagen1

  • 1Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. w.r.hagen@tudelft.nl

Plos One
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy method using a tunable microwave source and coaxial cell, enabling multi-frequency analysis with a single instrument. This advances EPR spectroscopy for detailed molecular studies.

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy typically uses X-band spectrometers (9-10 GHz) with narrow-band sources and single-mode resonators.
  • Analysis of (bio)molecular EPR spectra often requires data collection at multiple frequencies due to frequency-dependent and independent interactions.
  • Current practice necessitates using separate spectrometers for each frequency, limiting experimental flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore an alternative to traditional multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy by using a continuously tunable microwave source and a non-resonant coaxial transmission cell.
  • To develop and validate a new EPR detection method that operates without magnetic field modulation.
  • To assess the performance and detection limits of this novel approach.

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Main Methods:

  • Developed a broadband microwave source (0.8-2.7 GHz) using a digital signal generator and amplifier.
  • Designed and tested various coaxial transmission cells (long, straight, helical, helico-toroidal) for EPR detection in an unmodulated field.
  • Applied the method to analyze doublet, high-spin, and integer-spin systems, including dilute aqueous solutions of hydroxy-tempo (HO-tempo).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of EPR detection using a tunable microwave source and coaxial transmission cells.
  • Achieved a detection limit of approximately 5 µM HO-tempo in water at 800 MHz with the developed setup.
  • Presented theoretical considerations for coaxial transmission EPR detection based on cell dimensions and materials.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a viable alternative to traditional multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy, allowing for variable frequency analysis with a single instrument.
  • The developed coaxial transmission cell and tunable microwave source system show promise for enhanced EPR analysis.
  • Further improvements could enhance the sensitivity and applicability of this innovative EPR technique.