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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Technical Modification of the Terminal Ureter During Total Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
06:39

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Published on: November 22, 2019

EAU guidelines on primary urethral carcinoma.

Georgios Gakis1, J Alfred Witjes, Eva Compérat

  • 1Department of Urology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany.

European Urology
|April 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary urethral carcinoma (UC) is a rare cancer. These guidelines offer evidence-based diagnosis and treatment strategies for UC, aiming to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:
BiopsyChemotherapyCystoscopyCytologyEAUGuidelinesMRIPenile-preserving surgeryPrimaryRadiotherapySquamous cell carcinomaUrethra-sparing surgeryUrethral carcinomaUrethral neoplasmsUrethral stricture

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Guidelines for primary urethral carcinoma (UC) diagnosis and treatment.
  • Prepared by the European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines Group.
  • Focuses on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer, extending to UC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review current literature on primary UC diagnosis and treatment.
  • Assess the scientific evidence level for UC management.
  • Increase awareness and provide scientific transparency for this rare malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search for urethral malignancies.
  • Utilized Medline database with Medical Subject Headings and free-text protocol.
  • Literature review to inform evidence-based guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Primary UC is a rare malignancy (<1% of all cancers).
  • Survival is influenced by age, tumor stage/grade, nodal stage, metastasis, histology, size, location, and treatment.
  • Recommended imaging includes MRI for local extent and CT for distant metastasis.
  • Urethra-sparing surgery is an option for localized anterior UC.
  • Multidisciplinary team approach for locally advanced UC.
  • Transurethral resection and BCG for noninvasive UC or CIS.
  • Cystoprostatectomy reserved for BCG non-responders or extensive disease.

Conclusions:

  • First EAU guidelines publication on primary UC.
  • Aims to enhance urologic community awareness.
  • Promotes scientific transparency to improve outcomes for this rare cancer.