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Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

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Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks
08:51

Microinjection for Transgenesis and Genome Editing in Threespine Sticklebacks

Published on: May 13, 2016

Recombination in the threespine stickleback genome--patterns and consequences.

Marius Roesti1, Dario Moser, Daniel Berner

  • 1Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.

Molecular Ecology
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recombination rate variation significantly impacts genome evolution and genetic diversity. This study reveals how recombination patterns in stickleback fish influence allele frequencies and diversity within populations.

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Published on: January 8, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Recombination rate heterogeneity is crucial for genome evolution but poorly understood across diverse taxa.
  • Detailed studies are needed to elucidate the impact of recombination on genomic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize genome-wide recombination patterns in the threespine stickleback fish.
  • To investigate the relationship between recombination rate, genetic diversity, and allele frequency divergence.
  • To explore the influence of recombination on Y chromosome degeneration and GC content.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 282 F(2) individuals and 1872 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
  • Genome-wide recombination rate estimation.
  • Comparison of RAD sequence coverage between sexes to assess Y chromosome degeneration.
  • Polymorphism data analysis from ecologically diverged population pairs.

Main Results:

  • Average genome-wide recombination rate of 3.11 cm/Mb in stickleback.
  • Elevated crossover frequencies at chromosome peripheries, with evidence for one obligate crossover per chromosome.
  • Recombination on the sex chromosome restricted to a 2 Mb pseudoautosomal domain.
  • Identification of two distinct Y chromosome degeneration levels, linked to evolutionary strata.
  • Correlation between recombination rate, allele frequency shifts, and genetic diversity.
  • Strong association between recombination rate and GC content, suggesting GC-biased gene conversion.

Conclusions:

  • Recombination rate heterogeneity profoundly influences genome evolution, affecting selection on linked sites and genetic diversity.
  • Understanding recombination patterns is essential for accurate genomic analyses and evolutionary studies.
  • Stickleback fish provide a valuable model for studying the interplay of recombination, selection, and genome evolution.