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Related Concept Videos

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
11:53

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

Preferential crystallization.

Gérard Coquerel1

  • 1UC2M2, UPRES EA 3233, Université de Rouen-IRCOF, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France, gerard.coquerel@univ-rouen.fr.

Topics in Current Chemistry
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study explores chiral discrimination in solids, focusing on conglomerate formation and detection. It details how crystallization processes, like seeding, control stereoselective nucleation and growth, impacting chiral recognition in crystal lattices.

Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallization science
  • Chiral technologies

Background:

  • Chiral molecules exist as non-superimposable mirror images.
  • Solid-state chiral discrimination is crucial for enantiopure compound production.
  • Conglomerates are crystalline solids containing both enantiomers in separate crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review solid-state chiral discrimination, focusing on conglomerate formation and detection.
  • To elucidate the role of phase diagrams in understanding crystallization processes.
  • To analyze seeding strategies for controlling stereoselective crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of binary and ternary phase diagrams.
  • Depiction of stable and metastable heterogeneous equilibria.

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On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
11:53

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature
07:42

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
09:52

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

Published on: February 4, 2021

  • Detailed examination of seeded and auto-seeded crystallization processes.

    • Main Results:

    • Phase diagrams are key to understanding preferential crystallization and the entrainment effect.
    • Seeding significantly impacts stereoselective secondary nucleation and crystal growth.
    • The entrainment effect can face limitations under certain conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Solid-state chiral discrimination relies on understanding crystal lattice interactions.
    • Controlled crystallization, particularly seeding, is vital for effective chiral recognition.
    • Knowledge of phase equilibria aids in optimizing chiral separation processes.