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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...

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A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood
07:20

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood

Published on: January 9, 2018

Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis.

Kevin Charles Jones1, Susanne M Benseler, Mahendranath Moharir

  • 1Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
|April 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a severe neurologic condition in children and adolescents. Early diagnosis and immunotherapy, including corticosteroids or plasma exchange, lead to significant recovery in over 75% of cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a severe neurologic disorder.
  • It is potentially reversible and clinically recognizable in children and adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key aspects of Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
  • To highlight the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment for recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic considerations.
  • Outline of first-line and second-line immunotherapy strategies.
  • Discussion of adjunctive treatments like tumor resection for specific cases.

Main Results:

  • Over 75% of patients achieve substantial recovery.
  • Recovery often occurs in the reverse order of symptom onset.
  • A decline in antibody titers correlates with clinical improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for favorable outcomes in Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
  • A multi-faceted treatment approach, including immunotherapy and potentially tumor resection, is effective.
  • The potential for significant recovery underscores the importance of early intervention.