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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

[Reprogramming equals gambling?].

Laurent David1, John De Vos

  • 1Inserm UMR 1064, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France. laurent.david@univ-nantes.fr

Medecine Sciences : M/S
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell reprogramming efficiency remains a mystery, with rare cells undergoing the process. Recent clonal analyses in murine MEF (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) investigate whether this is stochastic or deterministic, aiming to improve induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derivation.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular reprogramming
  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics

Context:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming is a fundamental process in regenerative medicine.
  • The mechanisms governing reprogramming efficiency are poorly understood.
  • The stochastic or deterministic nature of reprogramming initiation is a key unanswered question.

Purpose:

  • To review recent clonal analyses of somatic cell reprogramming in murine fibroblasts (MEF).
  • To discuss the implications of these findings for understanding reprogramming initiation.
  • To explore future perspectives for optimizing induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derivation.

Summary:

  • Recent studies utilized clonal analysis in murine MEF to investigate the reprogramming process.
  • These analyses shed light on why only a small fraction of cells successfully reprogram.
  • The findings contribute to understanding whether reprogramming is driven by random chance or predictable factors.

Impact:

  • Provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of cellular reprogramming.
  • Offers a basis for developing strategies to enhance reprogramming efficiency.
  • Aims to improve the safety and efficacy of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).