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Related Concept Videos

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus put forth a theory that stated a heliocentric model for the solar system. According to this heliocentric theory, all the planets, including Earth, orbit the Sun in circular orbits.
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Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion01:18

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. In 1909, he formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. However, in 1918, he published his third law of planetary motion, which gives a precise mathematical relationship between a planet's average distance from the Sun and the amount of time it takes to revolve around the Sun. It...
Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion01:29

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His first law states that all planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. Therefore, the distance of a planet from the Sun varies throughout its revolution around the Sun.
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Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity01:17

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In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
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Conditions on Early Earth02:06

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Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
Conditions on Early Earth02:06

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

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Surface Mapping of Earth-like Exoplanets using Single Point Light Curves
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Published on: May 10, 2020

Used planet: a global history.

Erle C Ellis1, Jed O Kaplan, Dorian Q Fuller

  • 1Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. ece@umbc.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human land use has profoundly altered ecosystems for millennia, not just recently. Historical land use, even with small populations, caused significant ecological changes, challenging recent catastrophic views.

Keywords:
Anthropoceneagricultureenvironmental historyholoceneniche construction

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoecology
  • Archaeology
  • Historical Studies
  • Earth System Science

Background:

  • Human land use is a primary driver of global environmental change, impacting ecosystem patterns and processes.
  • Prevailing views often describe land use as a recent phenomenon with potentially catastrophic consequences.
  • Interdisciplinary research suggests extensive and sustained land use has occurred for millennia in various regions.

Observation:

  • Small human populations over 3,000 years ago likely caused widespread ecological changes.
  • Modern, large, and wealthy human populations are using less arable land per capita.
  • Contrasting global land-use reconstructions reveal the importance of adaptive land-use systems and intensification.

Findings:

  • Reconstructions incorporating adaptive land-use changes provide a more detailed and plausible history of human-environment interactions.
  • The Earth's biosphere and climate were significantly affected by human activities long ago.
  • Current land-use trends are rapidly diverging from historical patterns in scale and type.

Implications:

  • Integrative global land-use models are crucial for understanding past and future land-use dynamics.
  • Dynamic adaptations in human-environment relationships are key to assessing land-use sustainability.
  • A nuanced understanding of historical land use is essential for addressing contemporary global environmental challenges.