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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
08:50

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: August 20, 2019

TMS-evoked changes in brain-state dynamics quantified by using EEG data.

Tuomas Mutanen1, Jaakko O Nieminen, Risto J Ilmoniemi

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University School of Science Espoo, Finland ; BioMag Laboratory, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|May 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces new ways to measure brain activity changes after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using electroencephalography (EEG). Results show TMS significantly alters brain dynamics, making activity more vigorous than spontaneous brain function.

Keywords:
EEGTMSbrain dynamicsrecurrence quantification analysisstate spacetrajectory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Brain-Computer Interfaces
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Understanding brain dynamics is crucial for advancing neuromodulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
  • Differentiating TMS-evoked brain activity from spontaneous brain activity requires precise quantitative measures.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) provides a high temporal resolution for capturing these dynamic changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce novel quantitative measures, Mean State Shift (MSS) and State Variance (SV), for evaluating TMS-evoked changes in brain-state dynamics.
  • To compare the dynamics of TMS-modulated brain activity with spontaneous brain activity using EEG data.
  • To enhance the understanding of the combined TMS-EEG method.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of two quantitative EEG-based measures: Mean State Shift (MSS) and State Variance (SV).
  • Analysis of EEG data to quantify immediate (MSS) and rate-of-change (SV) effects of TMS on brain states.
  • Group-level statistical analysis of MSS and SV values in the period following TMS pulses.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant increase in both MSS and SV was observed between 100-200 ms post-TMS pulse at the group level.
  • These findings indicate that TMS significantly alters brain-state dynamics compared to spontaneous activity.
  • TMS-modulated brain activity was found to be more vigorous than natural brain activity.

Conclusions:

  • The introduced MSS and SV measures effectively capture TMS-evoked changes in brain dynamics.
  • TMS demonstrably modulates brain activity, leading to a more vigorous and altered state compared to spontaneous activity.
  • This research contributes to a better understanding and application of combined TMS-EEG methodologies.