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Related Concept Videos

Transformers in Distribution System01:27

Transformers in Distribution System

Transformers in distribution systems can be broadly categorized into distribution substation transformers and other distribution transformers. They are crucial for stepping down high transmission voltages to levels suitable for distribution and end-user applications.
Distribution substation transformers come in various ratings and typically use mineral oil for insulation and cooling. To prevent moisture and air from entering the oil, some transformers use an inert gas like nitrogen to fill the...
Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine01:21

Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine

Conducting a three-phase short circuit test on an unloaded synchronous machine helps understand its impact on the system. The AC fault current's oscillogram, with the DC offset removed, reveals that the waveform amplitude decreases from an initially high value to a steady-state level for one phase of the machine.
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Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits01:21

Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits

Determining the subtransient fault current in a power system involves representing transformers by their leakage reactances, transmission lines by their equivalent series reactances, and synchronous machines as constant voltage sources behind their subtransient reactances. In this analysis, certain elements are excluded, such as winding resistances, series resistances, shunt admittances, delta-Y phase shifts, armature resistance, saturation, saliency, non-rotating impedance loads, and small...
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
A comprehensive protection scheme for radial distribution...
Multimachine Stability01:25

Multimachine Stability

Multimachine stability analysis is crucial for understanding the dynamics and stability of power systems with multiple synchronous machines. The objective is to solve the swing equations for a network of M machines connected to an N-bus power system.
In analyzing the system, the nodal equations represent the relationship between bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. The nodal equation is given by:
Load-frequency control01:28

Load-frequency control

Load-frequency control (LFC) is vital for maintaining power system stability, ensuring that frequency and power flows remain within acceptable limits during load changes. Turbine-governor control eliminates rotor accelerations and decelerations following load changes. However, a steady-state frequency error persists when the change in the turbine-governor reference setting is zero. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy
08:23

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

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TMS timed to interictal epileptiform discharges.

Matilda Makkonen, Olli-Pekka Kahilakoski, Miguel Menchaca

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 27, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study shows that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be triggered by interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in children with epilepsy. This brain-state-dependent stimulation approach offers new possibilities for epilepsy research and treatment.

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    Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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    Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Epileptology
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) are unpredictable brain activity bursts between seizures in epilepsy patients.
    • Targeting stimulation to IED onset is challenging but could offer insights into epileptic networks and improve neurostimulation therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the feasibility of triggering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) by IEDs in children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS).
    • To investigate the impact of IEDs on TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) when stimulating the motor cortex.

    Main Methods:

    • A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on electroencephalography (EEG) data to detect IEDs in real time.
    • An EEG-processing pipeline integrated the CNN to trigger TMS pulses during IED or non-IED periods.
    • TMS was applied to the IED-generating motor cortex and the contralateral motor cortex in two pediatric participants.

    Main Results:

    • The study demonstrated the feasibility of timing TMS to IEDs.
    • A site-specific increase in TEP amplitude was observed when stimulation occurred during IEDs.
    • Successful IED-triggered TMS delivery rates were 39% and 19% for the two participants.

    Conclusions:

    • IED-triggered TMS is feasible in pediatric epilepsy, providing a foundation for brain-state-dependent stimulation.
    • This approach holds promise for advancing epilepsy research and optimizing neurostimulation treatments.
    • Methodological challenges were identified, with proposed solutions for future research in brain-state-dependent TMS for epilepsy.