Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Bipolar Junction Transistor

Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are essential elements in electronic circuits, playing a crucial role in the functionality of amplifiers, memories, and microprocessors. These transistors can be designed as NPN or PNP based on their doping patterns. They consist of three layers: the emitter, base, and collector. The configuration of these layers and their respective doping levels—with N-type or P-type impurities—define the transistor's type and its operational characteristics.
The structure...

P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

Biasing of P-N Junction

Biasing of P-N Junction

The operation of a p-n junction diode involves various biasing conditions, including forward bias, reverse bias, and equilibrium.
In equilibrium, no external voltage is applied across the p-n junction. The depletion region is formed at the junction interface due to the diffusion of carriers, which leaves behind charged dopants, acceptors on the p-side, and donors on the n-side. These immobile charges create an electric field that prevents further diffusion of carriers. The related energy band...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Association between psychophysically measured olfactory dysfunction and mental health status in long COVID patients.

Rhinology·2025

Same author

Polariton Condensation in Gap-Confined States of Photonic Crystal Waveguides.

Physical review letters·2024

Same author

Role of a corrugated Dion-Jacobson 2D perovskite as an additive in 3D MAPbBr<sub>3</sub> perovskite-based light emitting diodes.

Nanoscale advances·2023

Same author

Quantum Vacuum Excitation of a Quasinormal Mode in an Analog Model of Black Hole Spacetime.

Physical review letters·2023

Same author

High-Resolution Coherent Probe Spectroscopy of a Polariton Quantum Fluid.

Physical review letters·2022

Same author

Reply to the 'Comment on "Metal-organic green dye: chemical and physical insight into a modified Zn-benzoporphyrin for dye-sensitized solar cells"' by R. Steer, <i>RSC Advances</i>, 2018, DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00213d.

RSC advances·2022

Same journal

Kat5 deficiency in alveolar type II cells licenses STAT6-driven glycolytic reprogramming and pulmonary fibrosis.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Continuous nonthermal slab gap formed by progressive tearing beneath Northeast Asia.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Zeolitic isolated protonic acid sites-mediated NH<sub>3</sub> storage for robust NO<sub>x</sub> removal.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Coaxially nested component with asymmetric fiber resonant cavity and separation membrane for gaseous and dissolved gases detection.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Near-unity charge readout signal in a nonlinear resonator without matching the sensor dissipation.

Nature communications·2026

Same journal

Prokaryotic Schlafen proteins cleave tRNAs during type III CRISPR immunity.

Nature communications·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

All-optical polariton transistor.

D Ballarini¹, M De Giorgi, E Cancellieri

¹Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT-Lecce, Via Barsanti, 73010 Lecce, Italy. dario.ballarini@iit.it

Nature Communications

|May 9, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Exciton-polaritons enable all-optical transistors with high amplification, demonstrating cascadability for integrated circuits. This breakthrough advances optical computing by enabling logic gates like AND/OR operations.

More Related Videos

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Published on: February 28, 2016

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Published on: February 28, 2016

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Optoelectronics
Quantum Optics
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

All-optical devices are crucial for information transmission but face challenges with cascadability.
Exciton-polaritons, formed by strong exciton-photon coupling, exhibit significant nonlinearities and unique propagation characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the potential of exciton-polaritons in all-optical transistors.
To achieve cascadability and logic gate functionality in optical systems.

Main Methods:

Utilizing polariton fluids moving within a microcavity plane.
Operating these fluids as input and output for an all-optical transistor.

Main Results:

Achieved up to 19 times signal amplification.
Demonstrated successful cascadability of the all-optical transistor.
Implemented AND/OR logic gate functionalities.

Conclusions:

Polariton fluids can serve as effective input/output for all-optical transistors.
The system exhibits cascadability and logic gate operations, paving the way for polariton integrated circuits.