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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
What is Organic Chemistry?02:17

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Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon called organic compounds. Organic compounds either originate from living organisms or are synthesized by chemists. A defining trait of these compounds is the presence of carbon as the principal element, which is bonded to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The existence of a wide array of organic molecules is a consequence of carbon atoms’ ability to form up to four strong bonds to other...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments
13:05

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

Published on: January 23, 2018

Mechanochemical organic synthesis.

Guan-Wu Wang1

  • 1Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China. gwang@ustc.edu.cn.

Chemical Society Reviews
|May 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanical milling offers a green chemistry approach to organic synthesis, enabling solvent-free reactions. This review covers diverse mechanochemical transformations and applications in synthesizing complex molecules.

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Mechanochemistry

Background:

  • Solvent-free organic synthesis is crucial for sustainable chemistry.
  • Mechanical milling techniques provide an alternative to traditional solution-based methods.
  • Mechanochemical approaches offer unique reactivity and product selectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of solvent-free mechanochemical organic reactions.
  • To highlight the versatility of mechanical milling in organic synthesis.
  • To discuss applications in synthesizing complex molecular architectures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on mechanochemical organic reactions.
  • Analysis of reactions performed using mixer mills and planetary mills.
  • Categorization of reactions including metal-mediated, condensation, addition, cascade, cycloaddition, oxidation, reduction, and halogenation reactions.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical milling facilitates a wide array of organic transformations under solvent-free conditions.
  • The technique is applicable to the synthesis of diverse compounds like calixarenes, rotaxanes, and cage compounds.
  • Mechanochemistry enables asymmetric synthesis and modification of biologically active molecules.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical milling is a powerful and sustainable tool for modern organic synthesis.
  • Solvent-free mechanochemical reactions offer environmental and practical advantages.
  • The scope of ball milling in organic chemistry continues to expand, enabling novel synthetic strategies.