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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
07:53

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Nuclear reprogramming.

Richard P Halley-Stott1, Vincent Pasque, J B Gurdon

  • 1The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK. rph32@cam.ac.uk

Development (Cambridge, England)
|May 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear reprogramming changes specialized cell identity to an embryonic-like state. This process offers insights into cell biology and has healthcare applications like disease modeling and tissue regeneration.

Keywords:
Cell fusionInduced pluripotencyNuclear transferPluripotentReprogrammingTransdifferentiation

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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
07:53

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
11:38

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Nuclear reprogramming is a key process for understanding cell differentiation.
  • It holds significant promise for therapeutic applications in human healthcare.
  • Specialized cell identity can be reverted to a more primitive state.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the field of nuclear reprogramming.
  • To provide an overview of experimental reprogramming techniques.
  • To highlight the potential of reprogramming in medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Discusses nuclear transfer to eggs or oocytes.
  • Explains cell fusion techniques.
  • Covers extract treatment, direct reprogramming, and transdifferentiation.

Main Results:

  • Outlines six distinct experimental methods for nuclear reprogramming.
  • Illustrates the versatility of reprogramming approaches.
  • Demonstrates the feasibility of altering cell identity.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear reprogramming is a rapidly advancing field with broad biological implications.
  • Reprogramming techniques are crucial for developing novel disease models.
  • Patient-specific therapies can be advanced through reprogramming strategies.