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Related Concept Videos

Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Automating Citrus Budwood Processing for Downstream Pathogen Detection Through Instrument Engineering
11:30

Automating Citrus Budwood Processing for Downstream Pathogen Detection Through Instrument Engineering

Published on: April 21, 2023

Citrus tristeza virus-host interactions.

W O Dawson1, S M Garnsey, S Tatineni

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida Lake Alfred, FL, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|May 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) causes significant citrus crop losses. Understanding how CTV strains and their genes interact with hosts is key to managing severe diseases like stem pitting and seedling yellows.

Keywords:
Citrus tristeza viruscitrusdiseasehost-interactionsseedling yellowsstem pitting

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a phloem-limited pathogen impacting citrus worldwide, causing severe economic damage.
  • Most CTV isolates are mild or asymptomatic, yet understanding disease severity variation across hosts remains limited.
  • CTV exhibits unique long-distance systemic movement via sieve elements, differing from typical plant viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms behind CTV's variable disease induction in different citrus species.
  • To investigate the role of specific CTV genes (p33, p18, p13, p23) in host range extension and symptom development.
  • To explore the interactions between CTV strains within natural populations and their contribution to disease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CTV's movement and distribution within infected plant tissues, focusing on phloem transport and cell-to-cell spread.
  • Investigating the function of viral genes (p33, p18, p13, p23) in host-specific infections and symptom induction.
  • Examining the impact of gene deletions on CTV-induced symptoms, such as stem pitting (SP) and seedling yellows (SY).

Main Results:

  • CTV primarily moves long-distance through sieve elements with limited cell-to-cell spread.
  • Specific CTV genes (p33, p18, p13) are crucial for infecting certain citrus species and extending host range.
  • The p23 gene is identified as the cause of seedling yellows (SY) in sour orange, while gene deletions can exacerbate stem pitting (SP) symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Viral gene products significantly influence CTV's host specificity, host range, and symptom severity.
  • Understanding CTV gene interactions is critical for explaining differential disease outcomes in citrus.
  • Future research should focus on the complex interactions among CTV variants in natural populations to fully grasp disease dynamics.