[Phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens: modification of cellular processes by bacterial factors]

Bacterial are able to invade eukaryotic cells manipulating their own uptake by the host cells phagocytosis, Invasive bacteria can induce this process using extracellular toxins, cell surface ligands and virulence factors injected into the host cell. Two main mechanisms of invasion are recognized: the "zipper" mechanism in which bacteria bind host cell receptors to initiate cytoskeletal rearrangements and membrane extensions necessary for invasion, and the trigger mechanism in which bacteria regulate their own phagocytosis injecting regulatory proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. Most often, the targets in the host cell are signaling pathways not specific for phagocytosis and directly cytoskeleton. In addition, phospholipid composition of the target cell membrane plays an important role in the regulation of bacterial invasion. Thus, the efficiency of invasion is determined not only by bacterial virulence factors, but also by the life cycle, transformation, composition of the membrane, and other physiological characteristics of the host cell. This review describes the various mechanism of bacterial invasion into eukaryotic cells and the factors that may determine the sensitivity of eukaryotic cells to the invasion.