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The hallmarks of aging.

Carlos López-Otín1, Maria A Blasco, Linda Partridge

  • 1Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.

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Summary

Aging involves a decline in body functions, increasing disease risk. This review details nine hallmarks of aging, like genomic instability and cellular senescence, offering targets for healthier aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Molecular Biology
  • Focuses on the biological mechanisms underlying aging across species.

Background:

  • Aging is a primary risk factor for major human diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Recent advances reveal that aging rate is influenced by conserved genetic and biochemical pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and enumerate the key hallmarks of aging.
  • To emphasize the common denominators of aging in mammals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent aging research.
  • Identification and enumeration of nine tentative hallmarks of aging.

Main Results:

  • Identified nine hallmarks: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication.
  • These hallmarks are common to aging across different organisms, particularly in mammals.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interconnectedness of these hallmarks is crucial for aging research.
  • Identifying pharmaceutical targets based on these hallmarks may lead to interventions for healthier human aging with minimal side effects.