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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

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Updated: May 10, 2026

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Allergic contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine.

Ryan Toholka¹, Rosemary Nixon

¹Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin and Cancer Foundation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

The Australasian Journal of Dermatology

|June 25, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to chlorhexidine is rare but may be underestimated. Healthcare workers show a higher rate of chlorhexidine allergy, suggesting increased testing is needed.

Keywords:

alcohol rub doctors hand eczema hand rub hand wash health-care worker nurse occupation scrub

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Area of Science:

Dermatology
Allergology
Occupational Health

Background:

Chlorhexidine is a widely utilized antiseptic in healthcare settings.
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to chlorhexidine is infrequently reported despite common exposure.

Observation:

A case series investigated ACD to chlorhexidine in healthcare workers through patch testing.
Patch testing revealed positive reactions to chlorhexidine diacetate and digluconate.

Findings:

The study estimated a 0.24% rate of relevant chlorhexidine ACD in the general clinic population.
A significantly higher rate of 2% relevant chlorhexidine ACD was observed in healthcare workers.
These rates appear higher than previously documented in global literature.

Implications:

Chlorhexidine allergy may be underdiagnosed worldwide.
Increased consideration for chlorhexidine allergy testing in healthcare workers with relevant exposure history is recommended.
This highlights the importance of recognizing chlorhexidine as a potential occupational allergen.