Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Molecular Iodine/<i>PPARγ</i> Interaction in the Invasion and Angiogenesis of Neuroblastoma Xenografts.

Cells·2026

Same author

Differential Expression of Key Oncogenic and Tumor Suppressor MicroRNAs Induced by Andrographolide in Androgen-Independent PC3 and Androgen-Dependent LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells.

Genes·2025

Same author

Molecular Iodine Induces Anti- and Pro-Neoplastic Effects in Prostate Cancer Models.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

Molecular Iodine Exhibited Differential Antiproliferative Actions in Progenitor and Stem Populations from Chemoresistant Cancer Cells.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

Recent advances in nanomedicine for the diagnosis and therapy of thyroid disorders.

3 Biotech·2025

Same author

Preventive and therapeutic effects of molecular iodine in a model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin.

The Journal of nutritional biochemistry·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Perinatal undernutrition programmes thyroid function in the adult rat offspring.

Rosario Ayala-Moreno¹, Radu Racotta, Brenda Anguiano

¹Departamento de Fisiología "Dr Mauricio Russek", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México City, Mexico.

The British Journal of Nutrition

|June 27, 2013

Summary

Early life undernutrition permanently alters thyroid function in rats, leading to low body weight, reduced metabolism, and a predisposition to subclinical hypothyroidism in adulthood.

More Related Videos

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Published on: April 24, 2017

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Neurodevelopmental Reflex Testing in Neonatal Rat Pups

Published on: April 24, 2017

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Nutritional Science
Developmental Biology

Background:

Early nutrition significantly influences adult physiological function.
Perinatal undernutrition is a potential factor in long-term metabolic and endocrine health.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the long-term effects of perinatal undernutrition on thyroid hormone regulation in adult rats.
To determine if early nutritional deficits program the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis.

Main Methods:

Female Wistar rats were subjected to 40% food restriction during gestation and lactation.
Offspring thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, TSH), body weight, metabolic rate (RMR), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity were assessed at different life stages.
A cold exposure challenge was used to evaluate the functional response of the thyroid axis and thermogenesis.

Main Results:

Undernourished offspring showed altered thyroid hormone profiles, including low free thyroxine (T4) and persistently high thyrotropin (TSH) levels into adulthood.
These rats exhibited reduced RMR, decreased fat stores, and enhanced sympathetic BAT tone.
Cold exposure revealed impaired TSH and T4 responses, decreased leptin, and an exaggerated BAT sympathetic response in the undernourished group.

Conclusions:

Perinatal undernutrition induces lasting changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis.
These programming effects result in lower body weight, decreased RMR, and altered thermogenesis.
The study suggests that early nutritional deficits may predispose individuals to adult subclinical hypothyroidism.