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Bioreactor Design and Operational System

Bioreactors are engineered vessels designed to cultivate microorganisms under controlled conditions for industrial bioprocessing. They maintain sterility and allow precise regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, and nutrient levels to optimize microbial growth and metabolite production. Bioreactors range from small laboratory units of 1 liter to industrial systems holding up to 500,000 liters, though only about 75% of their volume is actively used for fermentation. The remaining headspace...
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In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the fermentor via a sparger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability
09:27

Immobilization of Multi-biocatalysts in Alginate Beads for Cofactor Regeneration and Improved Reusability

Published on: April 22, 2016

Stabilizing biocatalysts.

Andreas S Bommarius1, Mariétou F Paye

  • 1School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA. andreas.bommarius@chbe.gatech.edu

Chemical Society Reviews
|June 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biocatalysts require stabilization for industrial applications. Strategies like immobilization, protein engineering, and medium engineering enhance enzyme stability and efficiency, enabling broader process conditions.

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

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Published on: October 14, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and enzyme engineering
  • Protein stabilization techniques

Background:

  • Biocatalysts are crucial in various applications but are often thermodynamically unstable.
  • Enzyme stability is challenged by temperature, pH, salt, co-solvents, and physical forces.
  • Achieving kinetic stability is essential for large-scale biocatalytic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for enhancing biocatalyst stability, focusing on immobilization, protein engineering, and medium engineering.
  • To highlight the importance of kinetic stability for industrial biocatalysis.
  • To discuss different protein engineering approaches for enzyme stabilization.

Main Methods:

  • Immobilization of biocatalysts.
  • Medium engineering strategies.
  • Protein engineering, including rational, combinatorial, and data-driven design.

Main Results:

  • Stabilized biocatalysts exhibit enhanced resistance to degradation and maintained or increased catalytic efficiency.
  • Stable enzymes can be operated under more demanding conditions (e.g., higher temperatures, co-solvent concentrations).
  • Improved stability leads to reduced microbial contamination, better solubility, and favorable reaction equilibria.

Conclusions:

  • Immobilization, protein engineering, and medium engineering are key strategies to improve biocatalyst stability.
  • Enhanced enzyme stability broadens the applicability of biocatalysis in industrial settings.
  • Protein engineering offers diverse approaches to tailor enzyme stability for specific applications.