Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia01:24

Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia

DysplasiaDysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells, characterized by pleomorphism, nuclear abnormalities, and increased mitotic activity. It commonly affects epithelial tissues, including the cervix, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory mucosa, and endometrium. Although it may occur alongside hyperplasia, dysplasia is not a true adaptive response but a preneoplastic change with potential to progress to cancer.When confined above the basement...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CYClones: A highly powered, fully genotyped, 8-parent yeast mapping population.

G3 (Bethesda, Md.)·2026
Same author

Functional profiling of 2,193 ASS1 missense variants: Insights into variant pathogenicity and epistatic interactions in citrullinemia type I.

PLoS genetics·2026
Same author

Identifying viral infections through metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing of undiagnosed respiratory fevers in Madagascar (2014-2019).

BMC infectious diseases·2026
Same author

ZFHX4 is necessary for dopaminergic neuron differentiation and controls cell cycle by regulating LIN28A.

Stem cell reports·2026
Same author

AEGIS reveals epitope- and clone-resolved convergence of CNS B and T cell autoreactivity in ROHHAD.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Networked SIRS model with Kalman filter state estimation for epidemic monitoring in Europe.

Communications medicine·2026
Same journal

Chemotactic self-organization captures the dynamics of mammalian hair follicle patterning.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Tomographic imaging of superconducting order using particle-hole interference.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inhibitory potential of autologous neutralizing antibodies sets quantitative limits on the rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inferring epidemiological parameters under an infectious phylogeography model with visitor dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Analytical modeling for suction cup designs for skin-interfaced wearable devices.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Improving cell-free metabolism through direct integration of artificial respiratory chains.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Aneuploidy underlies a multicellular phenotypic switch.

Zhihao Tan1, Michelle Hays, Gareth A Cromie

  • 1Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can switch between fluffy and smooth colony states by altering chromosome number. This reversible change, driven by dosage-sensitive genes, impacts multicellular phenotypes and suggests a role for aneuploidy in rapid adaptation.

Keywords:
bet-hedgingcolony morphologycopy number variationphenotypic switching

More Related Videos

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes
05:22

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Published on: April 13, 2018

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice
08:44

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

Published on: April 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
07:54

Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 15, 2018

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes
05:22

Generation and Isolation of Cell Cycle-arrested Cells with Complex Karyotypes

Published on: April 13, 2018

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice
08:44

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

Published on: April 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can exhibit multicellular behaviors, forming complex colony structures.
  • Fluffy colony morphology resembles bacterial biofilms, distinct from smooth colonies of lab strains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the mechanism behind reversible switching between fluffy and smooth colony states in yeast.
  • Determine the genetic and chromosomal basis of this phenotypic toggle.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized flow cytometry for cell analysis.
  • Employed high-throughput restriction-site associated DNA tag sequencing for genomic analysis.
  • Manipulated chromosomal copy number to observe phenotypic changes.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic switching correlates with changes in chromosomal copy number.
  • Gain or loss of a single chromosome is sufficient to induce switching between states.
  • Dosage-sensitive genes, not just overall DNA content, appear to modulate the switch.

Conclusions:

  • Aneuploidy, specifically altered chromosome copy number, provides a mechanism for reversible phenotypic switching in yeast.
  • Chromosome missegregation can rapidly alter multicellular traits, offering a heritable and reversible adaptation strategy.
  • This study links aneuploidy to complex multicellular phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.