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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry01:19

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions00:59

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists exert their pharmacological actions by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine on postsynaptic muscarinic receptors to generate parasympathetic responses. These agents elicit a range of physiological responses, including cardiovascular effects. For example, activation of muscarinic receptors induces bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, reduced peripheral resistance, and consequent hypotension. In the eye, stimulation of M3 receptors leads to smooth muscle...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
10:26

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Published on: August 18, 2014

Neuromodulation for overactive bladder.

Jamie Bartley1, Jason Gilleran, Kenneth Peters

  • 1William Beaumont Hospital, Women's Urology Center, 3601 West 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. jamie.bartley@beaumont.edu

Nature Reviews. Urology
|July 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromodulation offers a safe and effective treatment for overactive bladder (OAB) when first-line therapies fail. This minimally invasive option provides a reversible alternative for patients seeking improved OAB management.

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Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
10:26

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Published on: August 18, 2014

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) impacts millions globally, with low compliance and tolerance for current first-line treatments.
  • Neuromodulation presents a minimally invasive, reversible alternative for OAB management.
  • Established treatments often have limitations, necessitating exploration of advanced therapeutic options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and efficacy of neuromodulation in treating overactive bladder (OAB).
  • To discuss various neuromodulation targets and their associated techniques.
  • To highlight neuromodulation as a viable treatment for refractory OAB.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on neuromodulation for overactive bladder (OAB).
  • Discussion of neuroanatomical pathways including sacral (S3 nerve root), pudendal, and tibial nerves.
  • Comparison of patient selection, surgical techniques, and postoperative management for different neuromodulation approaches.

Main Results:

  • Neuromodulation is a well-established, safe, and effective treatment for OAB patients unresponsive to conservative therapies.
  • The S3 nerve root is the primary target for sacral neuromodulation, supported by extensive safety and efficacy data.
  • Emerging evidence suggests positive outcomes for pudendal and tibial nerve neuromodulation, expanding treatment options.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulation is a highly attractive option for OAB management due to its minimally invasive nature, tolerability, positive outcomes, and reversibility.
  • Urologists can become proficient in various neuromodulation techniques, requiring familiarity with approach-specific differences.
  • Treatment progression should favor less invasive modalities, positioning neuromodulation as a key therapeutic strategy for refractory OAB.